Manufacturing method of photoelectric conversion apparatus

ABSTRACT

A method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus includes forming a switching element on one surface of a substrate, forming an interlayer insulation film so as to cover the switching element, forming a shading film on the interlayer insulation film in an area overlapping the switching element when seen from a film thickness direction of the substrate, forming a lower electrode on the interlayer insulation film, and forming a semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure on the lower electrode. A group 16 element is included in the semiconductor film, and in forming the semiconductor film, the shading film and the lower electrode are caused to react to the group 16 element to form a shading film including the group 16 element and a lower electrode including the group 16 element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/629,071, filed on Feb. 23, 2015, which claims a priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-038188 filed on Feb. 28, 2014 which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

Several aspects of the present invention relate to a photoelectric conversion apparatus, a manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion apparatus, and an electronic device.

2. Related Art

Heretofore, photoelectric conversion apparatuses that are provided with a switching element realized by a thin film transistor that is formed on a substrate and a photoelectric conversion part consisting of a semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure that is connected to the switching element are known.

A compound semiconductor thin film that is constituted to include group 11 elements, group 13 elements and group 16 elements is used for the semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure. The photoelectric conversion part is constituted by forming this compound semiconductor thin film into a p-type semiconductor film, and forming a p-n junction with an n-type semiconductor film.

In the above 11-13-16 group compound semiconductor, a CuInSe₂ film (so-called CIS film) including copper (Cu), indium (In) and selenium (Se), or a Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ film (so-called CIGS film) including Cu, In, gallium (Ga) and Se is used. The CIS film is formed by annealing a metal film including Cu and In in a Se atmosphere at about 500° C. The CIGS film is similarly formed by annealing a metal film including Cu, In and Ga in a Se atmosphere.

For example, JP-A-2012-169517 (FIG. 3) discloses an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus in which thin film transistors and the like are formed on a substrate as a circuit part, and photoelectric conversion parts using the abovementioned CIGS film are laminated on the circuit part.

However, there is a problem with the photoelectric conversion apparatus disclosed in JP-A-2012-169517 in that a desired image cannot be obtained due to stray light.

More specifically, with the photoelectric conversion apparatus disclosed in JP-A-2012-169517, when light is incident on the photoelectric conversion apparatus, leakage current flows in the thin film transistors of the circuit part upon light (stray light) being incident on the thin film transistors, causing the circuit to malfunction, and thus a desired image cannot be obtained. In view of this, a shading film is formed by covering the thin film transistors with a metal film, in order to prevent stray light from being incident on the thin film transistors. However, there is a problem in using a metal film as the shading film for preventing stray light from being incident on the thin film transistors. When a metal film is used as the shading film, much of the light incident on the shading film is reflected. The light reflected by the shading film becomes stray light, and is incident on the photoelectric conversion parts directly or after being multiply reflected. When light is incident on photoelectric conversion parts that are at different locations from the photoelectric conversion part on which the light was originally supposed to be incident, the circuit malfunctions, and a desired image cannot be obtained. In view of this, a photoelectric conversion apparatus that is able to obtain desired images is desired.

SUMMARY

Advantages of some aspects of the invention can be realized as the following illustrative embodiments or aspects.

A method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to one aspect includes forming a switching element on one surface of a substrate, forming an interlayer insulation film so as to cover the switching element, forming a shading film on the interlayer insulation film in an area overlapping the switching element when seen from a film thickness direction of the substrate, forming a lower electrode on the interlayer insulation film, and forming a semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure on the lower electrode. A group 16 element is included in the semiconductor film, and in forming the semiconductor film, the shading film and the lower electrode are caused to react to the group 16 element to form a shading film including the group 16 element and a lower electrode including the group 16 element.

According to this aspect, the group 16 element that is included in the semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure is also included in the shading film and the lower electrode. Including the group 16 element in the lower electrode facilitates ohmic contact between the lower electrode and the semiconductor film, and improves the electrical characteristics of the photoelectric conversion apparatus. The shading film prevents light from being incident on the switching element, while including the group 16 element in the shading film lowers the reflectance of the shading film compared with a metal film. Therefore, because light that is reflected by the shading film is reduced, light that is incident on photoelectric conversion parts that are at different locations from the photoelectric conversion part on which light was originally supposed to be incident is reduced. As a result, a photoelectric conversion apparatus that is able to obtain desired images can be provided.

In the method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to the above aspect, preferably the group 16 element includes at least one of selenium and sulfur.

According to this aspect, a semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure that is able to realize high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.

In the method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to the above aspect, preferably the shading film and the lower electrode include molybdenum.

According to this aspect, ohmic contact between the lower electrode and the semiconductor film is facilitated, and the electrical characteristics of the photoelectric conversion apparatus improve. Furthermore, a lower electrode having low electrical resistance can be obtained at low cost. Also, MoSe₂ or MoS₂ will be included in the shading film. MoSe₂ is a semiconductor having a band gap width of about 1.35 to 1.41 eV, and MoS₂ is a semiconductor having a band gap width of about 1.8 eV. Therefore, the shading film absorbs light having energy greater than or equal to the band gap width, and the reflectance of the shading film decreases. Thus, because light that is reflected by the shading film is reduced, light that is incident on photoelectric conversion parts that are at different locations from the photoelectric conversion part on which light was originally supposed to be incident is reduced. As a result, a photoelectric conversion apparatus that is able to obtain desired images can be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements.

FIGS. 1A and 1B relate to Embodiment 1, with FIG. 1A being a schematic connection diagram of an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus, and FIG. 1B being an equivalent circuit diagram of a photo sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion element.

FIG. 2 is a schematic partial plan view showing the arrangement of photo sensors in an image sensor according to Embodiment 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photo sensor cut at an A-A′ line in FIG. 2 according Embodiment 1.

FIGS. 4A to 4D are schematic partial cross-sectional views showing a method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to Embodiment 1.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photo sensor cut at an A-A′ line in FIG. 2 according to Embodiment 2.

FIGS. 6A to 6E are schematic partial cross-sectional views showing a method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to Embodiment 2.

FIG. 7A is a schematic perspective view showing a biometric authentication apparatus serving as an electronic device, and FIG. 7B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the biometric authentication apparatus serving as an electronic device.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that, in the following diagrams, the scale of the layers and members is differentiated from the actual scale, in order to facilitate recognition of the individual layers and members. Note also that, in the following illustrative embodiments, the phrase “on the substrate”, for example, is intended to represent cases where a constituent part or the like is disposed on the substrate in contact therewith, is disposed on the substrate via another constituent part, or is disposed on the substrate partially in contact therewith and partially via another constituent part.

Embodiment 1 Photoelectric Conversion Apparatus

First, an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus of Embodiment 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3.

FIG. 1A is a schematic connection diagram showing an electrical configuration of an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus, and FIG. 1B is an equivalent circuit diagram of a photo sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion element. FIG. 2 is a schematic partial plan view showing the arrangement of the photo sensors in the image sensor, and FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of the photo sensor cut at an A-A′ line in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 1A, an image sensor 100 serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus of the present embodiment has a plurality of scan lines 3 a and a plurality of data lines 6 that extend and intersect each other in an element region F. The image sensor 100 also has a scan line circuit 102 to which the plurality of scan lines 3 a are electrically connected and a data line circuit 101 to which the plurality of data lines 6 are electrically connected. The image sensor 100 further has a plurality of photo sensors 50 serving as photoelectric conversion elements that are provided corresponding to the vicinity of the intersections of the scan lines 3 a and the data lines 6, and are disposed in a matrix in the element region F.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the photo sensors 50 serving as photoelectric conversion elements are constituted to include a thin film transistor (TFT) 10 serving as a switching element, a photodiode 20 serving as a photoelectric conversion part, and a storage capacitor 30. A gate electrode of the TFT 10 is connected to the scan line 3 a, and a source electrode of the TFT 10 is connected to the data line 6. One end of the photodiode 20 serving as a photoelectric conversion part is connected to a drain electrode of the TFT 10, and the other end is connected to a constant potential line 12 provided in parallel with the data line 6. One electrode of the storage capacitor 30 is connected to the drain electrode of the TFT 10, and the other electrode is connected to a constant potential line 3 b provided in parallel with the scan line 3 a.

As shown in FIG. 2, the photo sensors 50 serving as photoelectric conversion elements are provided in areas planarly partitioned by the scan lines 3 a and the data lines 6, and are constituted to include the TFT 10 and the photodiode 20 serving as a photoelectric conversion part. The storage capacitor 30 is not illustrated in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 3, the photo sensors 50 serving as photoelectric conversion elements are formed on a substrate 1 of transparent glass, opaque silicon or the like, for example.

On the substrate 1, a base insulation film 1 a of silicon oxide (SiO₂) is formed so as to cover the surface of the substrate 1, and an island-like semiconductor film 2 of polycrystalline silicon having a film thickness of about 50 nm, for example, is formed on the base insulation film 1 a. Furthermore, a gate insulation film 3 is formed using an insulating material such as SiO₂ having a film thickness of about 100 nm, for example, to cover the semiconductor film 2. Note that, the gate insulation film 3 also covers the base insulation film 1 a as well as covering the semiconductor film 2.

A gate electrode 3 g is formed on the gate insulation film 3 in a position opposing a channel forming region 2 c of the semiconductor film 2. The gate electrode 3 g is electrically connected to a scan line 3 a shown in FIG. 2, and is formed using a metal material such as molybdenum (Mo) having a film thickness of about 500 nm, for example.

A first interlayer insulation film 4 is formed using SiO₂ having a film thickness of about 800 nm to cover the gate electrode 3 g and the gate insulation film 3. Contact holes 4 a and 4 b are formed in portions of the gate insulation film 3 and the first interlayer insulation film 4 that cover a drain region 2 d and a source region 2 s of the semiconductor film 2. A conductive film made of a metal material such as Mo having a film thickness of about 500 nm, for example, is formed so as to cover the first interlayer insulation film 4 and fill contact holes 4 a and 4 b, and a drain electrode 5 d, a source electrode 5 s and a data line 6 are formed by patterning this conductive film. The source electrode 5 s is connected to the source region 2 s of the semiconductor film 2 through the contact hole 4 a, and is also connected to the data line 6. The drain electrode 5 d is connected to the drain region 2 d of the semiconductor film 2 through the contact hole 4 b. The TFT 10 is formed with the drain region 2 d, the channel forming region 2 c, the source region 2 s, and the like.

A second interlayer insulation film 7 serving as an interlayer insulation film is formed to cover the drain electrode 5 d, the source electrode 5 s, the data line 6, and the first interlayer insulation film 4. The second interlayer insulation film 7 is formed using silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) having a film thickness of about 800 nm.

On the second interlayer insulation film 7, a lower electrode 8 of the photodiode 20 serving as a photoelectric conversion part is formed. The lower electrode 8 is formed with an island-like conductive film 8 a made of Mo having a film thickness of about 500 nm, and a semiconductor film 8 b made of MoSe₂ having a film thickness of about 100 nm that is formed on the conductive film 8 a and includes the group 16 element selenium (Se). The lower electrode 8 is electrically connected to the drain electrode 5 d through a contact hole 7 a formed in the second interlayer insulation film.

An island-like shading film 9 is formed on the second interlayer insulation film 7 in an area overlapping the TFT 10 when seen from the thickness direction (film thickness direction) of the films that are formed on the substrate (hereinafter, also referred to as “in plan view”). More specifically, the shading film 9 is formed in an area overlapping the semiconductor film 2 when seen from the film thickness direction of the substrate (in plan view of the substrate). This shading film 9 prevents light from being incident on the TFT 10, and, in particular, prevents light from being incident on the semiconductor film 2. The shading film 9, similarly to the lower electrode 8, is formed with an island-like conductive film 9 a made of Mo having a film thickness of about 500 nm, and a semiconductor film 9 b made of MoSe₂ having a film thickness of about 100 nm that is formed on the conductive film 9 a and includes the group 16 element selenium (Se).

On the lower electrode 8, a semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure consisting of a CIS film or a CIGS film having a film thickness of about 1 μm is formed.

A third interlayer insulation film 11 is formed so as to cover the second interlayer insulation film 7, the lower electrode 8, the shading film 9, and the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure. The third interlayer insulation film 11 is formed using Si₃N₄ having a film thickness of about 500 nm.

An island-like buffer layer 22 is formed so as to connect to the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure through a contact hole 11 a formed in the third interlayer insulation film 11. The buffer layer 22 is formed with a cadmium sulfide (CdS) film having a film thickness of about 50 nm. Zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfide (ZnS) or the like may be used instead of CdS.

A transparent electrode 23 is formed on the third interlayer insulation film 11 and the buffer layer 22. The transparent electrode 23 consists of a transparent conductive film of ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide) or the like with a film thickness of about 100 nm, for example. The transparent electrode 23 doubles as the constant potential line 12 shown in FIG. 1B.

The photodiode 20 serving as a photoelectric conversion part is constituted by the lower electrode 8, the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure, the buffer layer 22, and the transparent electrode 23.

In the present embodiment, the circuit part provided on the substrate 1 includes the scan lines 3 a, the data lines 6, the constant potential lines 3 b and 12, the TFTs 10 and the storage capacitors 30 connected to these interconnects, the data line circuit 101, and the scan line circuit 102 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Note that, the data line circuit 101 to which the data lines 6 are connected and the scan line circuit 102 to which the scan lines 3 a are connected can also be respectively attached separately to the substrate 1 as integrated circuits.

According to such an image sensor 100 serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus, when light is incident on the photodiode 20 serving as a photoelectric conversion part in a state where a reverse bias is applied to the photodiode 20 using the constant potential lines 3 b and 12, photoelectric current flows in the photodiode 20, and electric charge accumulates in the storage capacitor 30 according to the amount of photoelectric current.

Also, signals corresponding to the electric charge accumulated in the storage capacitors 30 that are provided in the respective photo sensors 50 are sequentially output to the data lines 6 by turning on (selecting) a plurality of TFTs 10 using each of the plurality of scan lines 3 a. Accordingly, the intensity of light received by each photo sensor 50 in the element region F can be respectively detected.

Manufacturing Method of Photoelectric Conversion Apparatus

A method of manufacturing an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus of Embodiment 1 will be described using FIGS. 3 and 4. FIGS. 4A to 4D are schematic partial cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus, and are schematic cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing method on the second interlayer insulation film 7.

As shown in FIG. 3, the manufacturing method of the image sensor 100 serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus involves firstly forming the SiO₂ base insulation film 1 a using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or the like on the substrate 1 of transparent glass, opaque silicon or the like. Next, an amorphous silicon film having a film thickness of about 50 nm is formed by CVD or the like on the base insulation film 1 a. The amorphous silicon film is crystallized by laser crystallization or the like to form a polycrystalline silicon film. Thereafter, the island-like semiconductor film 2, which is a polycrystalline silicon film, is formed by photolithography or the like.

Next, SiO₂ having a film thickness of about 100 nm is formed by CVD or the like so as to cover the semiconductor film 2 and the base insulation film 1 a, thus forming the gate insulation film 3. A Mo film having a film thickness of about 500 nm is formed on the gate insulation film 3 by sputtering or the like, and the island-like gate electrode 3 g is formed by photolithography. Impurity ions are implanted into the semiconductor film 2 by ion implantation to form the source region 2 s, the drain region 2 d, and the channel forming region 2 c. An SiO₂ film having a film thickness of about 800 nm is formed so as to cover the gate insulation film 3 and the gate electrode 3 g, thus forming the first interlayer insulation film 4.

Next, the contact holes 4 a and 4 b that reach the source region 2 s and the drain region 2 d are formed in the first interlayer insulation film 4. Thereafter, a Mo film having a film thickness of about 500 nm is formed by sputtering or the like on the first interlayer insulation film 4 and in the contact holes 4 a and 4 b and patterned by photolithography to form the source electrode 5 s, the drain electrode 5 d, and the data line 6. The TFT 10 is formed by the above processes.

An Si₃N₄ film having a film thickness of about 800 nm is formed so as to cover the first interlayer insulation film 4, the source electrode 5 s, the drain electrode 5 d, and the data line 6, thus forming the second interlayer insulation film 7.

The contact hole 7 a that reaches the drain electrode 5 d is formed in the second interlayer insulation film 7. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 4A, a Mo film 89 a having a film thickness of about 500 nm is formed as a conductive film by sputtering or the like on the second interlayer insulation film 7 and in the contact hole 7 a. Thereafter, a Cu—Ga alloy film 21 a and an In film 21 b are formed by sputtering or the like on the Mo film 89 a. The Cu—Ga alloy film 21 a and the In film 21 b are precursor films that will form the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure by subsequent selenization annealing. The total film thickness of the precursor films is about 500 nm.

The selenization annealing process will be described with reference to FIG. 4B. After the processes of FIG. 4A are completed, this substrate is subject to selenization annealing such that the Cu—Ga alloy film 21 a and the In film 21 b, which are precursor films, form the semiconductor film (CIGS film) 21 having a chalcopyrite structure. Selenization annealing is annealing performed at a temperature of about 500° C. in an atmosphere including hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) gas. When selenization annealing is performed, the surface of the Mo film 89 a is selenized and a MoSe₂ film 89 b is formed. The film thickness of the MoSe₂ film 89 b is about 100 nm. Accordingly, the semiconductor film 21 and the MoSe₂ film 89 b are films including the group 16 element Se.

As shown in FIG. 4C, the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure is patterned by photolithography.

As shown in FIG. 4D, the MoSe₂ film 89 b and the Mo film 89 a are patterned by photolithography to form the lower electrode 8 and the shading film 9.

Next, as shown in FIG. 3, an Si₃N₄ film having a film thickness of about 500 nm is formed so as to cover the semiconductor film 21, the lower electrode 8, the shading film 9 and the second interlayer insulation film 7, thus forming the third interlayer insulation film 11. The contact hole 11 a that reaches the semiconductor film 21 is formed in the third interlayer insulation film 11. Thereafter, a CdS film having a film thickness of about 50 nm is formed by CBD (chemical bath deposition) or the like on the third interlayer insulation film 11 and in the contact hole 11 a and patterned by photolithography to form the buffer layer 22. An ITO film having a film thickness of about 100 nm is formed by sputtering or the like on the third interlayer insulation film 11 and the buffer layer 22, and is patterned by photolithography to form the transparent electrode 23.

The photoelectric conversion apparatus of Embodiment 1 is formed in this manner.

According to abovementioned Embodiment 1, the following effects can be obtained.

In the image sensor serving as such a photoelectric conversion apparatus, the shading film 9 is formed for preventing light from being incident on the TFT 10, and is constituted by the conductive film 9 a made of Mo and the semiconductor film 9 b made of MoSe₂. Because the semiconductor film 9 b is a semiconductor having a band gap width of about 1.35 to 1.41 eV, the semiconductor film 9 b absorbs light having energy greater than or equal to the band gap width, and the reflectance of the shading film decreases. Thus, because light that is reflected by the shading film is reduced by also forming the semiconductor film including group 16 elements rather than forming the shading film with only a metal material, light that is incident on photoelectric conversion parts that are at different locations from the photodiode 20 on which light was originally supposed to be incident is reduced. As a result, an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus that is able to obtain desired images can be provided.

Selenium is included in the semiconductor film 21. The semiconductor film 21 can thereby be configured to have a chalcopyrite structure that is able to realize high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

Molybdenum (Mo) is included in the lower electrode 8 and the shading film 9. The ohmic contact between the lower electrode 8 and the semiconductor film 21 is thereby facilitated, and the electrical characteristics of the photo sensors 50 installed in the image sensor 100 improve. Furthermore, a lower electrode 8 having low electrical resistance can be obtained at low cost. Also, molybdenum selenide (MoSe₂) will be included in the shading film 9. Accordingly, light that is reflected by the shading film 9 can be reduced.

Embodiment 2 Photoelectric Conversion Apparatus

An image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus of Embodiment 2 will be described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 5. FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of a photo sensor cut at an A-A′ line in FIG. 2 according to Embodiment 2. Note that the same numerals are used for constituent parts that are the same as Embodiment 1, and redundant description will be omitted.

Embodiment 2 differs from Embodiment 1 in the structure of the lower electrode 8 and the shading film 9, with these constituent parts being referred to as a lower electrode 80 and a shading film 90 in the description of Embodiment 2. As shown in FIG. 5, in an image sensor 51 of Embodiment 2, the lower electrode 80 of the photodiode 20 is formed on the second interlayer insulation film 7. The lower electrode 80 is formed with the island-like conductive film 8 a made of Mo having a film thickness of about 500 nm, and a semiconductor film 80 b made of MoSe₂ having a film thickness of about 100 nm that is formed on the upper surface and lateral surfaces of the conductive film 8 a and includes the group 16 element Se.

The island-like shading film 90 is formed on the second interlayer insulation film 7 in an area overlapping the TFT 10 when seen from the film thickness direction of the substrate (in plan view of the substrate). More specifically, the shading film 90 is formed in an area overlapping the semiconductor film 2 when seen from the film thickness direction of the substrate. This shading film 90 prevents light from being incident on the TFT 10, and, in particular, prevents light from being incident on the semiconductor film 2. The shading film 90, similarly to the lower electrode 80, is formed with the island-like conductive film 9 a made of Mo having a film thickness of about 500 nm, and a semiconductor film 90 b made of Mo Se₂ having a film thickness of about 100 nm that is formed on the upper surface and lateral surfaces of the conductive film 9 a and includes the group 16 element Se. Apart from the structure of the lower electrode 80 and the shading film 90, Embodiment 2 is the same as Embodiment 1.

Manufacturing Method of Photoelectric Conversion Apparatus

The manufacturing method of an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus of Embodiment 2 will be described using FIGS. 5 and 6.

FIGS. 6A to 6E are schematic partial cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus, and are schematic cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing method on the second interlayer insulation film 7. Embodiment 2 differs from Embodiment 1 in the structure of the lower electrode 80 and the shading film 90. Since the processes up to forming the second interlayer insulation film 7 are the same as Embodiment 1, description thereof will be omitted.

As shown in FIG. 6A, the Mo film 89 a having a film thickness of about 500 nm is formed as a conductive film by sputtering or the like on the second interlayer insulation film 7 and in the contact hole 7 a.

As shown in FIG. 6B, the Mo film 89 a is patterned by photolithography to form the conductive film 8 a made of Mo that will form part of the lower electrode 80 and the conductive film 9 a made of Mo that will form part of the shading film 90.

As shown in FIG. 6C, the Cu—Ga alloy film 21 a and the In film 21 b are formed by sputtering or the like, so as to cover the second interlayer insulation film 7, the conductive film 8 a and the conductive film 9 a. The Cu—Ga alloy film 21 a and the In film 21 b are precursor films that will form the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure by subsequent selenization annealing. The total film thickness of the precursor films is about 500 nm.

The selenization annealing process will be described with reference to FIG. 6D. After the processes of FIG. 6C are completed, this substrate is subject to selenization annealing such that the Cu—Ga alloy film 21 a and the In film 21 b, which are precursor films, form the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure. Selenization annealing is annealing performed at a temperature of about 500° C. in an atmosphere including H₂Se gas. When selenization annealing is performed, the upper surface and the lateral surfaces of the conductive film 8 a and the conductive film 9 a are selenized and the semiconductor films 80 b and 90 b made of MoSe₂ are formed. The film thickness of the semiconductor films 80 b and 90 b is about 100 nm. The lower electrode 80 and the shading film 90 in which the semiconductor films 80 b and 90 b made of MoSe₂ are provided on the upper surface and the lateral surfaces of the conductive films 8 a and 9 a made of Mo are formed in this manner. As shown in FIG. 6E, the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure is patterned by photolithography. The subsequent processes are the same as Embodiment 1. The photoelectric conversion apparatus of Embodiment 2 is formed in this manner.

According to abovementioned Embodiment 2, the following effects can be obtained.

In such an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus, the shading film 90 is formed for preventing light from being incident on the TFT 10, and is constituted by the conductive film 9 a and the semiconductor film 90 b. In Embodiment 2, the semiconductor film 90 b is not only formed on the upper surface of the conductive film 9 a but also on the lateral surfaces. Because the semiconductor film 90 b is a semiconductor having a band gap width of about 1.35 to 1.41 eV, the semiconductor film 90 b absorbs light having energy greater than or equal to the band gap width, and the reflectance of the upper surface and the lateral surfaces of the shading film 90 decreases. Thus, because light that is reflected by the shading film 90 is reduced by also forming the semiconductor film 90 b including group 16 elements rather than forming the shading film 90 with only a metal material, light that is incident on photoelectric conversion parts that are at different locations from the photoelectric conversion part on which light was originally supposed to be incident is reduced. In Embodiment 2, because the upper surface and lateral surfaces of the shading film 90 are constituted by the semiconductor film 90 b including group 16 elements, reflection of light by the shading film 90 is reduced compared with Embodiment 1. As a result, an image sensor serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus that is able to obtain desired images can be provided.

Embodiment 3 Biometric Authentication Apparatus

Next, a biometric authentication apparatus serving as an electronic device of the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B. FIG. 7A is a schematic perspective view showing the biometric authentication apparatus, and FIG. 7B is a schematic cross-sectional view.

As shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, a biometric authentication apparatus 500 serving as an electronic device of the present embodiment is an apparatus that identifies and authenticates a person whose finger is held up to the biometric authentication apparatus 500, by optically detecting (imaging) the vein pattern of the finger, and comparing the detected vein pattern with the vein pattern of each person who has been registered. Specifically, the biometric authentication apparatus 500 is provided with a subject receiving part 502 having a groove for placing a finger that is held up to the biometric authentication apparatus 500 in a predetermined location, an imaging part 504 to which the image sensor 100 serving as a photoelectric conversion apparatus of the above embodiment is attached, and a micro lens array 503 disposed between the subject receiving part 502 and the imaging part 504.

A plurality of light sources 501 are built into the subject receiving part 502 so as to be disposed on both sides along the groove. In order to image the vein pattern without being affected by outside light, light emitting diodes (LED), EL elements or the like, for example, that emit near-infrared light other than visible light are used for the light sources 501. The vein pattern in the finger is illuminated by the light sources 501, and the image light thereof is focused towards the image sensor 100 by micro lenses 503 a provided in the micro lens array 503. The micro lens 503 a may be provided in correspondence with each photo sensor 50 of the image sensor 100, or may be provided so as to be paired with a plurality of photo sensors 50.

Note that an optical compensation plate that compensates for luminance unevenness in the light illuminated by the plurality of light sources 501 may be provided between the subject receiving part 502 incorporating the light sources 501 and the micro lens array 503. According to such a biometric authentication apparatus 500, the image sensor 100 which receives near-infrared light and is capable of accurately outputting the illuminated vein pattern as an image pattern is provided, enabling a living body (human body) to be reliably authenticated.

The image sensor 100 of Embodiment 1 or the image sensor 51 of Embodiment 2 is used for the image sensor 100. Accordingly, the biometric authentication apparatus 500 is an apparatus in which the image sensor 100 is able to obtain desired images.

Note that the invention is not limited to the abovementioned embodiments, and it is possible to apply various changes, improvements and the like to the abovementioned embodiments. Modifications are described below.

Modification 1

In the image sensor 100 and the image sensor 51 of the above embodiments, the electrical configuration of the photo sensor 50 and connection thereof are not limited thereto. For example, the electrical output from the photodiode 20 may be connected to the gate electrode 3 g of the TFT 10, and received light may be detected as the change in voltage or current between the source electrode 5 s and the drain electrode 5 d.

Modification 2

In the image sensor 100 of the above embodiments, the group 16 element that is included in the semiconductor film 21 having a chalcopyrite structure, the shading films 9 and 90, and the lower electrodes 8 and 80 is given as selenium (Se), but is not necessarily limited to Se. For example, the group 16 element may be sulfur (S), the semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure may be a CIS film, and the shading film may be constituted by a Mo film and a MoS₂ film. Also, the two group 16 elements Se and S may be included in the semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure, the shading film, and the lower electrode. Alternatively, tellurium may be used as the group 16 element.

A semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure that is able to realize high photoelectric conversion efficiency can also be obtained at this time. Molybdenum sulfide (MoS₂) is a semiconductor having a band gap width of about 1.8 eV. Therefore, the shading film absorbs light having energy greater than or equal to the band gap width, and the reflectance of the shading film decreases. Thus, because light that is reflected by the shading film is reduced, light that is incident on photoelectric conversion parts that are at different locations from the photoelectric conversion part on which light was originally supposed to be incident is reduced. As a result, a photoelectric conversion apparatus that is able to obtain desired images can be provided.

Modification 3

In the method of manufacturing the photoelectric conversion apparatus of the above embodiments, the precursor films are given as the Cu—Ga alloy film 21 a and the In film 21 b, but are not limited thereto. For example, a Cu film may be formed instead of a Cu—Ga alloy film. In this case, the semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure will be a CIS film. Also, the order in which the films are formed may be changed, with the Cu—Ga alloy film or the Cu film being formed after forming the In film. Furthermore, the number of layers may be increased, and multiple layers of the Cu—Ga alloy film and the In film may be formed. Also, rather than laminating films, a Cu—In—Ga alloy film or a Cu—In alloy film may be formed.

Modification 4

The electronic device to which the image sensor 100 of the above embodiments is mounted is not limited to the biometric authentication apparatus 500. For example, the image sensor 100 can also be applied to a solid-state imaging apparatus that images fingerprints or the iris of the eye. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus, comprising: forming a switching element on one surface of a substrate; forming an interlayer insulation film so as to cover the switching element; forming a shading film on the interlayer insulation film in an area overlapping the switching element when seen from a film thickness direction of the substrate; forming a lower electrode on the interlayer insulation film; and forming a semiconductor film having a chalcopyrite structure on the lower electrode, wherein a group 16 element is included in the semiconductor film, and in forming the semiconductor film, the shading film and the lower electrode are caused to react to the group 16 element to form a shading film including the group 16 element and a lower electrode including the group 16 element.
 2. The method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the group 16 element includes at least one of selenium and sulfur.
 3. The method of manufacturing a photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the shading film and the lower electrode include molybdenum. 